Pipe Parts

Longitudinal section of a typical flue pipe mouth and foot.
1. Pipe body or resonator
2. Upper lip
3. Languid
4. Lower lip
5. Foot
6. Toe hole

Scaling is the ratio of an organ pipe's diameter to its length. The scaling of
 a pipe is a major influence on its timbre. Reed pipes are scaled according to
 different formulas than for flue pipes. In general, the larger the diameter of
 a given pipe at a given pitch, the fuller and more fundamental the sound 
becomes.

Normalmensur is a rank of pipes based on an internal diameter of 155.5 mm 
(6.12 in) at 8´ C (the lowest note of the modern organ compass) and a mouth 
width which is one-quarter of the circumference of such a pipe. The scale 
provides for a reduction in diameter of the pipes by half at every succeeding 
17th pipe. This system can be used to produce Normalmensur variation tables or
line graphs for the analysis of existing ranks or the design of new ranks.

The following is a list of representative 8´ stops in order of increasing 
diameter (and, therefore, of increasingly fundamental tone) at middle C with
respect to Normalmensur, which is listed in the middle. Deviations from 
Normalmensur are provided after the pipe measurement in brackets.

    Viole d'orchestre (thin, mordant string stop): 35.6 mm [-10 ht]
    Salicional (broader-toned, non-imitative string stop): 40.6 mm [-7 ht]
    Violin diapason (thin-toned principal stop): 46.2 mm [-4 ht]
    Principal (typical mid-scale principal stop): 50.4 mm [-2 ht]
    Normalmensur: 54.9 mm [+/-0 ht]
    Open diapason (broader-toned principal stop): 57.4 mm [+1 ht]
    Gedeckt (thin-toned flute stop): 65.4 mm [+4 ht]
    Flûte à cheminée (typical mid-scale flute stop): 74.4 mm [+7 ht]
    Flûte ouverte (broader-toned flute stop): 81.1 mm [+9 ht]

Normalmensur scaling table, 17th halving ratio:

		32´		16´		8´		4´		2´		1´		1/2´		1/4´		1/8´		1/16´
	mm	scale	mm	scale	mm	scale	mm	scale	mm	scale	mm	scale	m	scale	mm	scale	mm	scale	mm	scale
C1	439.7	20	261.5	32	155.5	44	92.4	56	54.9	68	32.6	80	19.3	92	11.5	104	6.8	116	4.0	128
C#2	421.2	21	250.4	33	148.9	45	88.5	57	52.6	69	31.3	81	18.6	93	11.0	105	6.5	117	3.9	129
D3	403.2	22	239.8	34	142.6	46	84.7	58	50.4	70	29.9	82	17.8	94	10.5	106	6.3	118	3.7	130
D#4	386.2	23	229.6	35	136.5	47	81.1	59	48.2	71	28.7	83	16.9	95	10.1	107	6.0	119	3.6	131
E5	369.9	24	219.9	36	130.7	48	77.7	60	46.2	72	27.4	84	16.3	96	9.7	108	5.7	120	3.4	132
F6	354.1	25	210.6	37	125.2	49	74.4	61	44.2	73	26.3	85	15.6	97	9.3	109	5.5	121	3.3	133
F# 7	339.1	26	201.6	38	119.9	50	71.3	62	42.3	74	25.2	86	14.9	98	8.8	110	5.2	122	3.1	134
G 8	324.7	27	193.1	39	114.8	51	68.2	63	40.5	75	24.1	87	14.3	99	8.5	111	5.0	123	3.0	135
G# 9	311.0	28	184.9	40	109.9	52	65.3	64	38.8	76	23.1	88	13.7	100	8.1	112	4.8	124	2.8	136
A 10	297.8	29	177.1	41	105.3	53	62.6	65	37.2	77	22.1	89	13.1	101	7.8	113	4.6	125	2.7	137
A# 11	285.2	30	169.5	42	100.8	54	59.9	66	35.6	78	21.1	90	12.6	102	7.4	114	4.4	126	2.6	138
B 12	273.1	31	162.3	43	96.5	55	57.4	67	34.1	79	20.2	91	12.0	103	7.1	115	4.2	127	2.5	139

Wood
The body of a wooden pipe can be made of either a coniferous wood or hardwood, although the lower section of the pipe
 (comprising the foot, cap, block and mouth) will nearly always be made from hardwood to provide a precise edge for the
 pipe's mouth. Using screws and glue, the pipes are assembled from wooden pieces of various shapes and sizes. In
 contrast with the circular cross-section of a metal pipe, the cross-section of a wooden pipe is most commonly square or rectangular.