To connect a CT sensor to an Arduino, the output signal from the CT sensor
needs to be conditioned so it meets the input requirements of the Arduino
analog inputs, i.e. a positive voltage between 0V and the ADC reference
voltage.
Note:
This page give the example of an Arduino board working at 5 V and of the
EmonTx working at 3.3 V. Make sure you use the right supply voltage and bias
voltage in your calculations that correspond to your setup.
There are two circuit configurations, which in theory obtain the same result.
The first was used in the emonTx V2 and the emonPi. It’s been pointed out that
many switched-mode power supplies include a capacitor connected between the
negative end of the high voltage d.c. rectified a.c. mains supply and the
negative of the secondary side output, to reduce electromagnetic interference
from the primary switching waveforms. This has the effect of introducing noise
into the analogue input. The second configuration, which is used in the emonTx4
and the emonPi2, avoids this problem.
The circuit consists of two main parts, their functions are to change the c.t’s
current into a voltage of the correct amplitude, and position this voltage in
the centre of the ADC’s input range.
The voltages and currents shown are for a 5 V Arduino, with a 0 – 5 V range for
the analogue input, about 1.6 V rms for a sine wave. For the emonTx V2 & V3
and the emonPi, the analogue input range is 0 – 3.3 V, so the midpoint voltage
is 1.65 V and the analogue input voltage swings between 0 and 3.3 V
(approximately 1 V rms for a sine wave). For the emonTx4 and emonPi2, the
analogue input range is 0 – 1 V and is intended for use with 0.333 V rms output
current transformers, which do not need a burden. so this resistor is omitted.
ct-sensors-circuit1.png
Configuration used in the emonTx V2 and the emonPi In this configuration, the current from the c.t. flows around the loop comprising the c.t. itself and the burden resistor, which develops a voltage across the burden. (Note: In a voltage-output c.t, the burden is inside the casing of the c.t.) The two bias resistors divide the supply voltage in two and the mid-point and one end of the burden sits at 2.5 V above ground. The capacitor provides a near short-circuit to a.c. which firmly fixes the mid-point voltage with little or no a.c. component superimposed on it. The other end of the burden connects directly to the analogue input, and so the analogue input sees the burden voltage superimposed on the bias voltage. Here again, the current from the c.t. flows around the loop comprising the c.t. itself and the burden resistor, and so develops a voltage across the burden. (Note: in a voltage-output c.t., the burden is inside the casing of the c.t.) This time, one end of the c.t and burden is connected solidly to ground.
ct-sensors-circuit2.png
Configuration used in the emonTx4 and the emonPi2
Again, the two bias resistors divide the supply voltage in two, so the mid-point
sits at 2.5 V above ground and this point connects to the analogue input. The
difference is, the capacitor provides an a.c. path connecting the two sections
whilst blocking the d.c. bias from reaching the c.t. The bias resistors put a
very small load on the c.t., but the effect of this is compensated for in the
calibration. The burden voltage is superimposed on the bias voltage, so the
analogue input sees the burden voltage varying above and below the 2.5 V
mid-point as shown.
In the emonTx4, a voltage-output c.t. is used whose output voltage is nominally
0.333 V rms, so there is no burden resistor, the bias resistors are unequal and
the bias voltage is 0.512 V.
Calculating a Suitable Burden Resistor Size If the CT sensor is a “current output” type such as the YHDC SCT-013-000, the current signal needs to be converted to a voltage signal with a burden resistor. If it is a voltage output CT you can skip this step and leave out the burden resistor, as the burden resistor is built into the CT. a) Choose the current range you want to measure The YHDC SCT-013-000 CT has a current range of 0 to 100 A. For this example, let’s choose 100 A as our maximum current. b) Convert maximum RMS current to peak-current by multiplying by √2. Primary peak-current = RMS current × √2 = 100 A × 1.414 = 141.4A c) Divide the peak-current by the number of turns in the CT to give the peak-current in the secondary coil. The YHDC SCT-013-000 CT has 2000 turns, so the secondary peak current will be: Secondary peak-current = Primary peak-current / no. of turns = 141.4 A / 2000 = 0.0707A d) To maximise measurement resolution, the voltage across the burden resistor at peak-current should be equal to one-half of the Arduino analog reference voltage. (AREF / 2) If you’re using an Arduino running at 5V: AREF / 2 will be 2.5 Volts. So the ideal burden resistance will be: Ideal burden resistance = (AREF/2) / Secondary peak-current = 2.5 V / 0.0707 A = 35.4 Ω 35 Ω is not a common resistor value. The nearest values either side of 35 Ω are 39 and 33 Ω. Always choose the smaller value, or the maximum load current will create a voltage higher than AREF. We recommend a 33 Ω ±1% burden. In some cases, using 2 resistors in series will be closer to the ideal burden value. The further from ideal the value is, the lower the accuracy will be. Here are the same calculations as above in a more compact form: Burden Resistor (ohms) = (AREF * CT TURNS) / (2√2 * max primary current) Burden resistor sizing for OpenEnergyMonitor energy monitoring hardware. emonTx V3 (see guide) The emonTx V3 uses a 3.3V regulator, so it’s VCC and therefore AREF, will always be 3.3V regardless of battery voltage. The standard emonTx V3 uses 22Ω burden resistors for CT 1, 2 and 3, and a 120Ω resistor for CT4, the high sensitivity channel. See the emonTx V3 technical page: https://docs.openenergymonitor.org/emontx3/technical.htm emonPi (see guide) The EmonPi has two CT channels both with 22Ω burden resistors. emonTx V2 If you’re using a battery powered emonTx V2, AREF will start at 3.3 V and slowly decrease as the battery voltage drops to 2.7 V. The ideal burden resistance for the minimum voltage would therefore be: Ideal burden resistance = (AREF/2) / Secondary peak-current = 1.35V / 0.0707A = 19.1Ω 19Ω is not a common value. We have a choice of 18 or 22Ω. We recommend using an 18Ω ±1% burden. Tool for calculating burden resistor size, CT turns and max Irms (thanks to Tyler Adkisson for building and sharing this). Note: this tool does not take into account maximum CT power output. Saturation and distortion will occur if the maximum output is exceeded. Nor does it take into account component tolerances, so the burden resistor value should be decreased by a few (~5) percent allow some “headroom.” There is more info about component tolerances at: ACAC Component tolerances.)
Adding a DC Bias If you were to connect one of the CT wires to ground and measure the voltage of the second wire, relative to ground, the voltage would vary from positive to negative with respect to ground. However, the Arduino analog inputs require a positive voltage. By connecting the CT lead we connected to ground, to a source at half the supply voltage instead, the CT output voltage will now swing above and below 2.5 V thus remaining positive. Resistors R1 & R2 in the circuit diagram above are a voltage divider that provides the 2.5 V source (1.65 V for the emonTx). Capacitor C1 has a low reactance - a few hundred ohms - and provides a path for the alternating current to bypass the resistor. A value of 10 μF is suitable.
Choosing a suitable value for resistors R1 & R2 Higher resistance lowers quiescent energy consumption. We use 10 kΩ resistors for mains powered monitors. The emonTx uses 470 kΩ resistors to keep the power consumption to a minimum, as it is intended to run on batteries for several months.
Arduino Sketch // EmonLibrary examples openenergymonitor.org, Licence GNU GPL V3 /*H******************************************************* * *********************************************************/ #include "EmonLib.h" // Include Emon Library EnergyMonitor emon1; // Create an instance /*F******************************************************* * *********************************************************/ void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); emon1.current(1, 111.1); // Current: input pin, calibration. } /*F******************************************************* * *********************************************************/ void loop() { double Irms = emon1.calcIrms(1480); // Calculate Irms only Serial.print(Irms*230.0); // Apparent power Serial.print(" "); Serial.println(Irms); // Irms } To use the above circuit to measure RMS current, with an assumed fixed RMS voltage (e.g. 240V) to indicate approximate apparent power, use this Arduino sketch:
Arduino sketch - current only /*H******************************************************* * EmonLibrary examples openenergymonitor.org, Licence GNU GPL V3 *********************************************************/ #include "EmonLib.h" // INCLUDE EMON LIBRARY EnergyMonitor emon1; // CREATE AN INSTANCE /*F******************************************************* * *********************************************************/ void setup() { Serial.begin( 9600 ); emon1.current( 1, 111.1 ); // CURRENT: INPUT PIN, CALIBRATION } /*F******************************************************* * *********************************************************/ void loop() { double Irms = emon1.calcIrms( 1480 ); // CALCULATE IRMS ONLY Serial.print( Irms * 230.0 ); // APPARENT POWER Serial.print( " " ); Serial.println( Irms ); // Irms }