Raspberry Pi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi 4 Model B
Also known as	RPi, Raspi
Type	Single-board computer
Release date	29 February 2012; 11 years ago
Operating system	Linux (incl Raspberry Pi OS)
FreeBSD
NetBSD
OpenBSD
Plan 9
RISC OS
Windows 10 ARM64
Windows 10 IoT Core[1]
and OS-less Embedded RTL's[clarification needed].
Storage	MicroSDXC slot, USB Mass Storage device for booting[2]
Website	www.raspberrypi.com Edit this at Wikidata


Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/) is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs)
developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in
association with Broadcom.[3] The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned
toward the promotion of teaching basic computer science in
schools.[4][5][6]
The original model became more popular than anticipated,[7] selling outside
its target market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many
areas, such as for weather monitoring,[8] because of its low cost,
modularity, and open design. It is typically used by computer and
electronic
hobbyists, due to its adoption of the HDMI and USB standards.

After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set
up a new entity, named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as
CEO, with the responsibility of developing technology.[9] The Foundation
was
rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of basic
computer science in schools and developing countries. Most Pis are made in
a
Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales,[10] while others are made in China and
Japan.[11][12]

In 2015, the Raspberry Pi surpassed the ZX Spectrum in unit sales, becoming
the best-selling British computer.[13]
Series and generations
The Raspberry Pi Zero, introduced in 2015
The Raspberry Pi 3 B+, introduced in 2018
The Raspberry Pi 4 B, introduced in 2019
The Raspberry Pi Pico, introduced in 2021
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, introduced in 2021

There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each
have
been released. Raspberry Pi SBCs feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC)
with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip
graphics processing unit (GPU), while Raspberry Pi Pico has a RP2040 system
on chip with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU).
Raspberry Pi

The first-generation Raspberry Pi Model B was released in February 2012,
followed by the simpler and cheaper Model A.
In 2014, the Foundation released a board with an improved design,
Raspberry
Pi Model B+. These first-generation boards feature ARM11 processors, are
approximately credit-card sized, and represent the standard mainline form
factor. Improved A+ and B models were released within a year. A "Compute
Module" was released in April 2014 for embedded applications.
The Raspberry Pi 2 was released in February 2015 and initially featured a
900 MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor with 1 GB RAM. Revision
1.2
featured a 900 MHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor (the same as
that in the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, but underclocked to 900 MHz).[14]
The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B was released in February 2016 with a 1.2 GHz 64
-bit quad core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, on-board 802.11n Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
and USB boot capabilities.[15]
On Pi Day 2018, the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ was launched with a faster 1.4
GHz processor, a three-times faster Gigabit Ethernet (throughput limited to
ca. 300 Mbit/s by the internal USB 2.0 connection), and 2.4 / 5 GHz dual
-band 802.11ac Wi-Fi (100 Mbit/s).[16] Other features are Power over
Ethernet (PoE) (with the add-on PoE HAT), USB boot and network boot (an SD
card is no longer required).
The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B was released in June 2019[17] with a 1.5 GHz 64
-bit quad core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, on-board 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
5, full gigabit Ethernet (throughput not limited), two USB 2.0 ports, two
USB 3.0 ports, 1–8 GB of RAM, and dual-monitor support via a pair of
micro
HDMI (HDMI Type D) ports for up to 4K resolution. The version with 1 GB RAM
has been abandoned and the prices of the 2 GB version have been reduced.
The
8 GB version has a revised circuit board. The Pi 4 is also powered via a
USB
-C port, enabling additional power to be provided to downstream
peripherals,
when used with an appropriate PSU. But the Pi can only be operated with 5
volts and not 9 or 12 volts like other mini computers of this class. The
initial Raspberry Pi 4 board has a design flaw where third-party e-marked
USB cables, such as those used on Apple MacBooks, incorrectly identify it
and refuse to provide power.[18][19] Tom's Hardware tested 14 different
cables and found that 11 of them turned on and powered the Pi without
issue.[20] The design flaw was fixed in revision 1.2 of the board, released
in late 2019.[21] In mid-2021, Pi 4 B models appeared with the improved
Broadcom BCM2711C0. The manufacturer is now using this chip for the Pi 4 B
and Pi 400. However, the clock frequency of the Pi 4 B was not increased in
the factory.

Raspberry Pi 400 Kit

The Raspberry Pi 400 was released in November 2020. A modern example of a
keyboard computer, it features 4 GB of LPDDR4 RAM on a custom board derived
from the existing Raspberry Pi 4 combined with a keyboard in a single case.
The case was derived from that of the Raspberry Pi Keyboard.[22] A robust
cooling solution (i.e. a broad metal plate) and an upgraded switched-mode
power supply[23] allow the Raspberry Pi 400's Broadcom BCM2711C0 processor
to be clocked at 1.8 GHz, which is 20% faster than the Raspberry Pi 4 upon
which it is based.[24]
Raspberry Pi Zero

A Raspberry Pi Zero with smaller size and reduced input/output (I/O) and
general-purpose input/output (GPIO) capabilities was released in November
2015 for US$5.
On 16 May 2016, the Raspberry Pi Zero v1.3 was released, which added a
camera connector.[25]
On 28 February 2017, the Raspberry Pi Zero W was launched, a version of
the
Zero with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, for US$10.[26][27]
On 12 January 2018, the Raspberry Pi Zero WH was launched, a version of
the
Zero W with pre-soldered GPIO headers.[28]
On 28 October 2021, the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W was launched, a version of
the Zero W with a system in a package (SiP) designed by Raspberry Pi and
based on the Raspberry Pi 3.[29] In contrast to the older Zero models, the
Pi Zero 2 W is 64-bit capable. The price is around US$15.
Raspberry Pi Pico

Raspberry Pi Pico was released in January 2021 with a retail price of
$4.[30] It was Raspberry Pi's first board based upon a single
microcontroller chip; the RP2040, which was designed by Raspberry Pi in the
UK.[31] The Pico has 264 KB of RAM and 2 MB of flash memory. It is
programmable in C, C++, Assembly, MicroPython, CircuitPython and Rust. The
Raspberry Pi Foundation has partnered with Adafruit, Pimoroni, Arduino and
SparkFun to build accessories for Raspberry Pi Pico and variety of other
boards using RP2040 Silicon Platform.[32] Rather than perform the role of
general purpose computer (like the others in the range) it is designed for
physical computing, similar in concept to an Arduino.[33]
On 30 June 2022, the Raspberry Pi Pico W was launched, a version of the
Pico with 802.11n Wi-Fi capability, for US$6. The CYW43439 wireless chip in
the Pico W also supports Bluetooth, but the capability was not enabled at
launch.[34]
Model comparison


Family 
Model 
SoC
Memory 
Form Factor 
Ethernet 
Wireless 
GPIO 
Released
Discontinued

Raspberry Pi
B 
BCM2835 
256 MB 
Standard[a] 
Yes 
No 
26-pin 
2012 
Yes
(????)
512 MB 
2012[35]
A 
256 MB 
No 
2013 
No
B+ 
512 MB 
Yes 
40-pin 
2014
A+ 
Compact[b] 
No
Raspberry Pi 2 
B 
BCM2836 / 7 
1 GB 
Standard[a] 
Yes 
No 
2015
Raspberry Pi Zero 
Zero 
BCM2835 
512 MB 
Ultra-compact[c] 
No 
No
W / WH 
Yes 
2017
2 W 
BCM2710A1[d][36] 
2021
Raspberry Pi 3 
B 
BCM2837A0 / B0 
1 GB 
Standard[a] 
Yes 
Yes 
2016
A+ 
BCM2837B0 
512 MB 
Compact[b] 
No 
Yes[e] 
2018
B+ 
1 GB 
Standard[a] 
Yes[f] 
2018
Raspberry Pi 4 
B 
BCM2711 
1 GB 
Standard[a] 
Yes[g] 
Yes[e] 
2019[37]
Yes (2020)[38]
2021[39] 
No
2 GB 
2019[37]
4 GB
8 GB 
2020
400 
4 GB 
Keyboard
Raspberry Pi Pico 
Pico 
RP2040 
264 KB 
Pico[h] 
No 
No 
2021
W 	Yes[i] 	2022


85.6 mm × 56.5 mm (3.37 in × 2.22 in)
65 mm × 56.5 mm (2.56 in × 2.22 in)
65 mm × 30 mm (2.6 in × 1.2 in)
Custom Raspberry Pi SiP RP3A0
Dual band
Gigabit Ethernet; Throughput limited to ca. 300 Mbit/s by the internal USB
2.0 connection
Gigabit Ethernet
21 mm × 51 mm (0.83 in × 2.01 in)

    2.4 GHz band

As of 4 May 2021, the Foundation is committed to manufacture most Pi models
until at least January 2026. Even the 1 GB Pi 4B can still be specially
-ordered.[40]


Hardware
	
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The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature
variations in the type of the central processing unit, amount of memory
capacity, networking support, and peripheral-device support.
Block diagram describing models B, B+, A and A+

This block diagram describes models B, B+, A and A+. The Pi Zero models are
similar, but lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter
is internally connected to an additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the
Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC).
On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the USB/Ethernet chip contains a five
-port USB hub, of which four ports are available, while the Pi 1 Model B
only provides two. On the Pi Zero, the USB port is also connected directly
to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB (OTG) port. Unlike all other Pi models,
the 40 pin GPIO connector is omitted on the Pi Zero, with solderable
through
-holes only in the pin locations. The Pi Zero WH remedies this.

Processor speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.4 GHz for the Pi 3 Model B+ or 1.5
GHz for the Pi 4; on-board memory ranges from 256 MB to 8 GB random-access
memory (RAM), with only the Raspberry Pi 4 having more than 1 GB. Secure
Digital (SD) cards in MicroSDHC form factor (SDHC on early models) are used
to store the operating system and program memory, however some models also
come with onboard eMMC storage[41] and the Raspberry Pi 4 can also make use
of USB-attached SSD storage for its operating system.[42] The boards have
one to five USB ports. For video output, HDMI and composite video are
supported, with a standard 3.5 mm tip-ring-sleeve jack carrying mono audio
together with composite video. Lower-level output is provided by a number
of
GPIO pins, which support common protocols like I²C. The B-models have an
8P8C Ethernet port and the Pi 3, Pi 4 and Pi Zero W have on-board Wi-Fi
802.11n and Bluetooth.[43]


Processor
The Raspberry Pi 2B uses a 32-bit 900 MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7
processor.

The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi[44]
includes a 700 MHz 32-bit ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics
processing unit (GPU),[45] and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB
and
a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the
GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is
visible. The ARM1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in the original
iPhone,[46]
although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster GPU.

The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC
with a 900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB
shared
L2 cache.[47] The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837
SoC
with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor,[14] the same one
which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by default) to the
same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC is no longer in
production as of late 2016.

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64
-bit
quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache. The Model
A+ and B+ are 1.4 GHz[48][49][50]

The Raspberry Pi 4 uses a Broadcom BCM2711 SoC with a 1.5 GHz (later
models:
1.8 GHz) 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 processor, with 1 MB shared L2
cache.[51][52] Unlike previous models, which all used a custom interrupt
controller poorly suited for virtualisation, the interrupt controller on
this SoC is compatible with the ARM Generic Interrupt Controller (GIC)
architecture 2.0, providing hardware support for interrupt distribution
when
using ARM virtualisation capabilities.[53][54] The VideoCore IV of the
previous models has also been replaced with a VideoCore VI running at 500
MHz.

The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W use the same Broadcom BCM2835 SoC as the
first generation Raspberry Pi, although now running at 1 GHz CPU clock
speed.[55]

The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W uses the RP3A0-AU, which is a System-in-Package
(SiP) design. The package contains a Broadcom BCM2710A1 processor, which is
a 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 clocked at 1 GHz, along with 512 MB of
LPDDR2 SDRAM layered above.[56][57] The Raspberry Pi 3 also uses the
BCM2710A1 in its Broadcom BCM2837 SoC, but clocked at a higher 1.2 GHz.

The Raspberry Pi Pico uses the RP2040,[58] a microcontroller containing
dual
ARM Cortex-M0+ cores running at 133 MHz, 6 banks of SRAM totaling 256 KB,
and programmable IO for peripherals.[59]


Performance

While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi
provided a real-world performance roughly equivalent to 0.041
GFLOPS.[60][61] On the CPU level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz
Pentium II of 1997–99. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s of
graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance.
The graphical capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to
the
performance of the Xbox of 2001.

Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 included a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz
and 1 GB RAM. It was described as 4–6 times more powerful than its
predecessor. The GPU was identical to the original.[47] In parallelised
benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 could be up to 14 times faster than a
Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.[62]

The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as
having ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1.[63] Benchmarks showed
the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2
in
parallelised tasks.[64]

The Raspberry Pi 4, with a quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, is described as
having three times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 3.[17]


Overclocking

Most Raspberry Pi systems-on-chip can be overclocked to various degrees
utilising the built in config.txt file in the boot sector of the Pi's
operating system. Overclocking is generally safe and does not automatically
void the warranty of the Raspberry Pi; however, setting the "force_turbo"
option to 1 bypasses voltage and temperature limits, which does void the
users warranty.[65] In Raspberry Pi OS the overclocking options on boot can
also be made by a software command running "sudo raspi-config" on Raspberry
Pi 1, 2, and original 3B without voiding the warranty.[66] In those cases
the Pi automatically shuts the overclocking down if the chip temperature
reaches 85 °C (185 °F); an appropriately sized heat sink is needed to
protect the chip from thermal throttling.

Newer versions of the firmware contain the option to choose between five
overclock ("turbo") presets that, when used, attempt to maximise the
performance of the SoC without impairing the lifetime of the board. This is
done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip and the CPU load, and
dynamically adjusting clock speeds and the core voltage. When the demand is
low on the CPU or it is running too hot, the performance is throttled, but
if the CPU has much to do and the chip's temperature is acceptable,
performance is temporarily increased with CPU clock speeds of up to 1.1
GHz,
depending on the board version and on which of the turbo settings is used.


 
 
 
 


The overclocking modes are:
none 
700 MHz ARM 
250 MHz core 
400 MHz SDRAM 
0 overvolting
modest 
800 MHz ARM 
250 MHz core 
400 MHz SDRAM 
0 overvolting
medium 
900 MHz ARM 
250 MHz core 
450 MHz SDRAM 
2 overvolting
high 
950 MHz ARM 
250 MHz core 
450 MHz SDRAM 
6 overvolting
turbo 
1000 MHz ARM 
500 MHz core 
600 MHz SDRAM 
6 overvolting
Pi 2 
1000 MHz ARM 
500 MHz core 
500 MHz SDRAM 
2 overvolting
Pi 3 
1100 MHz ARM 
550 MHz core 
500 MHz SDRAM 
6 overvolting. In system
information the CPU speed appears as 1200 MHz. When idling, speed lowers to
600 MHz.[66][67]

In the highest (turbo) mode the SDRAM clock speed was originally 500 MHz,
but this was later changed to 600 MHz because of occasional SD card
corruption. Simultaneously, in high mode the core clock speed was lowered
from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from 333 to 250 MHz.

The CPU of the first and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not
require cooling with a heat sink or fan, even when overclocked, but the
Raspberry Pi 3 may generate more heat when overclocked.[68]


RAM

The early designs of the Raspberry Pi Model A and B boards included only
256
MB of random access memory (RAM). Of this, the early beta Model B boards
allocated 128 MB to the GPU by default, leaving only 128 MB for the
CPU.[69]
On the early 256 MB releases of models A and B, three different splits were
possible. The default split was 192 MB for the CPU, which should be
sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D
processing.
224 MB was for Linux processing only, with only a 1080p framebuffer, and
was
likely to fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D processing,
possibly also with video decoding.[70] In comparison, the Nokia 701 uses
128
MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV.[71]

The later Model B with 512 MB RAM, was released on 15 October 2012 and was
initially released with new standard memory split files (arm256_start.elf,
arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) with 256 MB, 384 MB, and 496 MB CPU
RAM,
and with 256 MB, 128 MB, and 16 MB video RAM, respectively. But about one
week later, the foundation released a new version of start.elf that could
read a new entry in config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an
amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU, obsoleting the
older method of splitting memory, and a single start.elf worked the same
for
256 MB and 512 MB Raspberry Pis.[72]

The Raspberry Pi 2 has 1 GB of RAM.

The Raspberry Pi 3 has 1 GB of RAM in the B and B+ models, and 512 MB of
RAM
in the A+ model.[73][74][75] The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W have 512 MB
of
RAM.

The Raspberry Pi 4 is available with 1, 2, 4 or 8 GB of RAM.[76] A 1 GB
model was originally available at launch in June 2019 but was discontinued
in March 2020,[38] and the 8 GB model was introduced in May 2020.[77] The 1
GB model returned in October 2021.[78]


Networking

The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no Ethernet circuitry and are commonly
connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi
-Fi
adapter. On the Model B and B+ the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in
USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip.[79] The Raspberry Pi 3
and
Pi Zero W (wireless) are equipped with 2.4 GHz WiFi 802.11n (150 Mbit/s)
and
Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s) based on the Broadcom BCM43438 FullMAC chip with
no official support for monitor mode (though it was implemented through
unofficial firmware patching[80]) and the Pi 3 also has a 10/100 Mbit/s
Ethernet port. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ features dual-band IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac
WiFi, Bluetooth 4.2, and Gigabit Ethernet (limited to approximately 300
Mbit/s by the USB 2.0 bus between it and the SoC). The Raspberry Pi 4 has
full gigabit Ethernet (throughput is not limited as it is not funnelled via
the USB chip.)


Special-purpose features

The RPi Zero, RPi1A, RPi3A+[81] and RPi4 can be used as a USB device or
"USB
gadget", plugged into another computer via a USB port on another machine.
It
can be configured in multiple ways, such as functioning as a serial or
Ethernet device.[82] Although originally requiring software patches, this
was added into the mainline Raspbian distribution in May 2016.[82]

Raspberry Pi models with a newer chipset can boot from USB mass storage,
such as from a flash drive. Booting from USB mass storage is not available
in the original Raspberry Pi models, the Raspberry Pi Zero, the Raspberry
Pi
Pico, the Raspberry Pi 2 A models, and the Raspberry Pi 2 B models with
versions lower than 1.2.[83]
Peripherals
The Model 2B boards incorporate four USB ports for connecting peripherals

Although often pre-configured to operate as a headless computer, the
Raspberry Pi may also optionally be operated with any generic USB computer
keyboard and mouse.[84] It may also be used with USB storage, USB to MIDI
converters, and virtually any other device/component with USB capabilities,
depending on the installed device drivers in the underlying operating
system
(many of which are included by default).

Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors
on
the surface of the Raspberry Pi.[85]


Video
An early Raspberry Pi 1 Model A, with an HDMI port and a standard RCA
composite video port for older displays

The video controller can generate standard modern TV resolutions, such as
HD
and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions as well as older NTSC
or PAL standard CRT TV resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom
overclocking) it can support the following resolutions: 640×350 EGA;
640×480 VGA; 800×600 SVGA; 1024×768 XGA; 1280×720 720p HDTV; 1280×768
WXGA variant; 1280×800 WXGA variant; 1280×1024 SXGA; 1366×768 WXGA
variant; 1400×1050 SXGA+; 1600×1200 UXGA; 1680×1050 WXGA+; 1920×1080
1080p HDTV; 1920×1200 WUXGA.[86]

Higher resolutions, up to 2048×1152, may work[87][88] or even 3840×2160
at
15 Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video).[89] Allowing the highest
resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decode video formats at these
resolutions; in fact, the Raspberry Pis are known to not work reliably for
H.265 (at those high resolutions),[90] commonly used for very high
resolutions (however, most common formats up to Full HD do work).

Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decoding hardware, the CPU
is more powerful than its predecessors, potentially fast enough to allow
the
decoding of H.265-encoded videos in software.[91] The GPU in the Raspberry
Pi 3 runs at higher clock frequencies of 300 MHz or 400 MHz, compared to
previous versions which ran at 250 MHz.[92]

The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals,
as used on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through
standard connectors – either RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on
model. The television signal standards supported are PAL-B/G/H/I/D, PAL-M,
PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.[93]


Real-time clock

When booting, the time defaults to being set over the network using the
Network Time Protocol (NTP). The source of time information can be another
computer on the local network that does have a real-time clock, or to a NTP
server on the internet. If no network connection is available, the time may
be set manually or configured to assume that no time passed during the
shutdown. In the latter case, the time is monotonic (files saved later in
time always have later timestamps) but may be considerably earlier than the
actual time. For systems that require a built-in real-time clock, a number
of small, low-cost add-on boards with real-time clocks are
available.[94][95]

The RP2040 microcontroller has a built-in real-time clock but this can not
be set automatically without some form of user entry or network facility
being added.


Connectors
Pi Pico

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi Pico

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi Pico

Pi Compute Module

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4
Lite

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4
Lite


	
Pi Zero

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W

Model A

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model A

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model A
    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model A+ revision
1.1

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model A+ revision
1.1


	
Model B

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model B revision
1.2

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model B revision
1.2
    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ revision
1.2 and Raspberry Pi 2

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ revision
1.2 and Raspberry Pi 2
    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 3

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 3
    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 3+

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 3+
    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 4

    Location of connectors and main ICs on Raspberry Pi 4



J8 header and general purpose input-output (GPIO)

Raspberry Pi 1 Models A+ and B+, Pi 2 Model B, Pi 3 Models A+, B and B+, Pi
4, and Pi Zero, Zero W, Zero WH and Zero W 2 have the same 40-pin pinout
(designated J8 across all models).[96] Raspberry Pi 1 Models A and B have
only the first 26 pins.[97][98][99] The J8 header is commonly referred to
as
the GPIO connector as a whole, even though only a subset of the pins are
GPIO pins. In the Pi Zero and Zero W, the 40 GPIO pins are unpopulated,
having the through-holes exposed for soldering instead. The Zero WH
(Wireless + Header) has the header pins preinstalled.


GPIO# 
2nd func.
Pin# 
Pin#
2nd func.
GPIO#
+3.3 V 
1 
2 
+5 V 

2 
SDA1 (I2C) 
3 
4 
+5 V 

3 
SCL1 (I2C) 
5 
6 
GND 

4 
GCLK 
7 
8 
TXD0 (UART) 
14
GND 
9 
10 
RXD0 (UART) 
15
17 
GEN0 
11 
12 
GEN1 
18
27 
GEN2 
13 
14 
GND 

22 
GEN3 
15 
16 
GEN4 
23
+3.3 V 
17 
18 
GEN5 
24
10 
MOSI (SPI) 
19 
20 
GND 

9 
MISO (SPI) 
21 
22 
GEN6 
25
11 
SCLK (SPI) 
23 
24 
CE0_N (SPI) 
8
GND 
25 
26 
CE1_N (SPI) 
7
0 
ID_SD (I2C) 
27 
28 
ID_SC (I2C) 
1
5 
N/A 
29 
30 
GND 

6 
N/A 
31 
32 
N/A 
12
13 
N/A 
33 
34 
GND 

19 
N/A 
35 
36 
N/A 
16
26 
N/A 
37 
38 
Digital IN 
20
GND 
39 
40 
Digital OUT 
21

Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board and P6 on the
schematics) of 8 pins offering access to an additional 4 GPIO
connections.[100] These GPIO pins were freed when the four board version
identification links present in revision 1.0 were removed.[101]
28 30 


GPIO#
2nd func. 
Pin#
Pin#
2nd func.
GPIO#
+5 V 
1 
2 
+3.3 V 

GPIO_GEN7 
3 
4 
GPIO_GEN8 
29
GPIO_GEN9 
5 
6 
GPIO_GEN10 
31
GND 
7 
8 
GND 


Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16.
Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47,
and the power status LED using GPIO 35.


Specifications
Release date Target price (USD) Instruction set SoC FPU CPU GPU Memory (SDRAM)[116] USB 2.0 ports[84] USB 3.0 ports USB OTG ports PCIe interface Video input HDMI Composite video MIPI display interface (DSI)[h] Audio inputs Audio outputs On-board storage[84] Ethernet (8P8C)[84] WiFi IEEE 802.11 wireless Bluetooth Low-level peripherals Power ratings Power source Weight Console Generation Obsolescence
Statement Type 


Version
Pico
Model A (no Ethernet)
Model B (with Ethernet) 
Compute
Module[a] 
Zero 
Keyboard
Raspberry Pi Pico 
Raspberry Pi Pico W 
RPi 1 Model A 
RPi 1 Model A+ 
RPi
3
Model A+ 
RPi 1 Model B 
RPi 1 Model B+ 
RPi 2 Model B 
RPi 2 Model B v1.2
RPi 3 Model B 
RPi 3 Model B+ 
RPi 4 Model B 
Compute Module 1 
Compute
Module 3 
Compute Module 3 Lite 
Compute Module 3+ 
Compute Module 3+ Lite
Compute Module 4 
Compute Module 4 Lite 
RPi Zero PCB v1.2 
RPi Zero PCB
v1.3 
RPi Zero W 
RPi Zero 2 W 
RPi 400
Jan 2021 
Jun 2022 
Feb 2013​[102] 
Nov 2014​[103] 
Nov
2018 
Apr–Jun 2012 
Jul 2014​[104] 
Feb 2015​[47] 
Oct 2016​[105]
Feb 2016​[63] 
Mar 2018​[16] 
Jun 2019​[106]
May 2020 (8GB)[77] 
Apr 2014​[107][108] 
Jan 2017​[109] 
Jan
2019​[110] 
Oct 2020 
Nov 2015​[111] 
May 2016 
Feb 2017 
Oct
2021​[29] 
Nov 2020
$4 
$6 
$25[102] 
$20[103] 
$25 
$35[112] 
$25[113]
$35
$35/55/75​[106][38][77] 
$30 (in batches of 100)[114] 
$30 
$25
$30/35/40 
$25 
$30-$90 (in $5 increments) 
$25-$75 (in $5 increments)
$5[111] 
$10 
$15 
$70
Armv6-M 
ARMv6Z (32-bit) 
ARMv8-A (64/32-bit) 
ARMv6Z (32
-bit) 
ARMv7-A (32-bit) 
ARMv8-A (64/32-bit) 
ARMv6Z (32-bit) 
ARMv8-A
(64/32-bit) 
ARMv6Z (32-bit) 
ARMv8-A (64/32-bit) 
ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)
Raspberry Pi RP2040 
Broadcom BCM2835[44] 
Broadcom BCM2837B0​[16]
Broadcom BCM2835[44] 
Broadcom BCM2836 
Broadcom BCM2837 
Broadcom
BCM2837B0​[16] 
Broadcom BCM2711​[106] 
Broadcom BCM2835[114] 
Broadcom
BCM2837 
Broadcom BCM2837B0 
Broadcom BCM2711 
Broadcom BCM2835 
Broadcom
BCM2710A1 
Broadcom BCM2711C0
None 
VFPv2; NEON not supported 
VFPv4 + NEON 
VFPv2; NEON not
supported 
VFPv4 + NEON 
VFPv2; NEON not supported 
VFPv4 + NEON 
VFPv2;
NEON not supported 
VFPv4 + NEON 
VFPv4 + NEON
Dual-core Arm Cortex-M0+ 
1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz 
4× Cortex-A53 1.4
GHz 
1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz 
4× Cortex-A7 900 MHz 
4× Cortex-A53 900
MHz
4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz 
4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz 
4× Cortex-A72 1.5 GHz or
1.8 GHz[23] 
1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz 
4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz 
4× Cortex
-A72 1.5 GHz 
1× ARM1176JZF-S 1 GHz 
4× Cortex-A53 1 GHz 
4× Cortex-A72
1.8 GHz
None 
Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz[b] 
Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 400
MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D) 
Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz[115] 
Broadcom
VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz[b] 
Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz[115] 
Broadcom
VideoCore IV @ 400 MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D) 
Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500
MHz
264 KB 
256 MB[c] 
256 or 512 MB[c]
Changed to 512 MB on 10 August 2016[117] 
512 MB[c] 
256 or 512 MB[c]
Changed to 512 MB on 15 October 2012[35] 
512 MB[c] 
1 GB[c] 
1, 2, 4 or 8
GB[c] 
512 MB[c] 
1 GB[c] 
1, 2, 4 or 8 GB[c] 
512 MB[c] 
4 GB
None 
1[d] 
1[e] 
2[f][118] 
4[g][79][104] 
2[106]
1[d][a] 
1[d][a] 
1[e][a] 
1 
1 Micro-USB[d] 
1
0 
2[106] 
0 
2
0 
1 (Power USB-C)​[119] 
0 
? 
1 Micro-USB[d] 
0
0 
PCIe Gen 2 x1 
0 
0
15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the
Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera[120] 
2× MIPI camera
interface (CSI)[a][114][121][122] 
2-lane MIPI CSI camera interface, 4-lane
MIPI CSI camera interface 
None 
MIPI camera interface (CSI)[123] 
None
1× HDMI (rev 1.3) 
2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via Micro-HDMI[37] 
1×
HDMI[a]
2x HDMI 
1× Mini-HDMI 
2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via Micro-HDMI
via RCA jack 
via 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS jack 
via RCA
jack
via 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS jack 
Yes[a][121][124] 
? 
via marked points on
PCB for optional header pins[125] 
?
Yes 
Yes[a][114][122][126][127] 
Yes 
No
?
As of revision 2 boards via I²S[128] 
?
Analog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI and, as of
revision 2 boards, I²S 
Analog, HDMI, I²S[a] 
Mini-HDMI, stereo audio
through PWM on GPIO 
Micro-HDMI
2 MB Flash memory 
SD, MMC, SDIO card slot (3.3 V
with
card power only) 
MicroSDHC slot[104] 
SD, MMC, SDIO card slot 
MicroSDHC
slot 
MicroSDHC slot, USB Boot Mode[129] 
4 GB eMMC flash memory chip[114]
MicroSDHC slot 
8/16/32 GB eMMC flash memory chip[114] 
MicroSDHC slot
8/16/32 GB eMMC flash memory chip[114] 
MicroSDHC slot 
MicroSDHC slot
MicroSDHC slot
None 
None[130] 
None 
10/100 Mbit/s
USB adapter on the USB hub[118] 
10/100 Mbit/s 
10/100/1000 Mbit/s (real
max
speed 300 Mbit/s)[131] 
10/100/1000 Mbit/s[106] 
None 
10/100/1000 Mbit/s
None 
None 
10/100/1000 Mbit/s
None 
b/g/n single band 2.4 GHz 
b/g/n/ac dual
band 2.4/5 GHz 
None 
b/g/n single band 2.4 GHz 
b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5
GHz 
b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz (optional) 
b/g/n single band 2.4 GHz
b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz
None 
5.2 BLE 
4.2 BLE 
4.1 BLE 
4.2 LS BLE 
5.0[106] 
5.0, BLE
(optional) 
4.1 BLE 
4.2 BLE 
5.0
UART 
8× GPIO[132] plus the following, which can
also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S
audio[133] +3.3 V, +5 V, ground[134][135] 
17× GPIO plus the same specific
functions, and HAT ID bus 
8× GPIO plus the following, which can also be
used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio
+3.3
V, +5 V, ground. 
17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID
bus
17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, HAT, and an additional 4×
UART, 4× SPI, and 4× I2C connectors.​[136] 
46× GPIO, some of which
can
be used for specific functions including I²C, SPI, UART, PCM, PWM[a][137]
28 × GPIO supporting either 1.8v or 3.3v signalling and peripheral
options
17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus[111] 
?
? 
? 
300 mA (1.5 W)[138] 
200 mA (1 W)[139] 
? 
700 mA (3.5
W) 
200 mA (1 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress
(monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)​[140] 
220 mA (1.1 W) average
when
idle, 820 mA (4.1 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse
connected)​[140] 
300 mA (1.5 W) average when idle, 1.34 A (6.7 W)
maximum
under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)​[140] 
459 mA
(2.295 W) average when idle, 1.13 A (5.661 W) maximum under stress
(monitor,
keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)​[141] 
600 mA (3 W) average when
idle,
1.25 A (6.25 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and Ethernet
connected),​[140] 3 A (15 W) power supply recommended.​[17] 
200 mA (1
W) 
700 mA (3.5 W) 
? 
? 
? 
100 mA (0.5 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75
W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)​[140]
120
mA (0.6 W) average when idle[142] 
?
MicroUSB or GPIO Header 1.8 V to 5 V 
5 V via MicroUSB or
GPIO
header 
5 V via MicroUSB, GPIO header, or PoE (with the PoE HAT) 
5 V via
USB-C, GPIO header, or PoE (with the PoE HAT) 
2.5–5 V, 3.3 V, 2.5–3.3
V, and 1.8 V[a] 
5 V 
5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header 
?
Size 
51 x 21mm 
85.6 mm × 56.5 mm
(3.37 in × 2.22 in)[i] 
65 mm × 56.5 mm × 10 mm
(2.56 in × 2.22 in × 0.39 in)[j] 
65 mm × 56.5 mm
(2.56 in × 2.22 in) 
85.60 mm × 56.5 mm
(3.370 in × 2.224 in)[i] 
85.60 mm × 56.5 mm × 17 mm
(3.370 in × 2.224 in × 0.669 in)[143] 
67.6 mm × 30 mm
(2.66 in × 1.18 in) 
67.6 mm × 31 mm
(2.66 in × 1.22 in) 
55 mm × 40 mm 
65 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm
(2.56 in × 1.18 in × 0.20 in) 
286 mm × 113 mm × 23 mm
? 
? 
31 g
(1.1 oz) 
23 g
(0.81 oz) 
45 g
(1.6 oz) 
46 g
(1.6 oz)[144] 
7 g
(0.25 oz)[145] 
9 g
(0.32 oz)[146] 
10.8 g
(0.38 oz) 

? 
? 
Adding a USB network interface via tethering[130] or a
serial
cable with optional GPIO power connector[147] 
? 
? 
?
? 
? 
1 
1+ 
3+ 
1 
1+ 
2 
2 ver 1.2 
3 
3+ 
4 
1 
3 
3 Lite
3+
3+ Lite 
4 
4 Lite 
PCB ver 1.2 
PCB ver 1.3 
W (wireless) 
2 W (wireless)
4
in production until at least January 2028 
in production until
at
least January 2026 
in production until at least January 2026 
— 
in
production until at least January 2026 
— see PCB ver 1.2 
— see ver
1.2
in production until at least January 2026​[148] 
in production until at
least January 2026 
in production until at least January 2026 
in
production
until at least January 2026 
in production until at least January 2026 
in
production until at least January 2026 
in production until at least
January
2026 
in production until at least January 2028 
— or see PCB ver 1.3 
in
production until at least January 2026​[149] 
in production until at
least
January 2026 
in production until at least January 2026 
in production
until
at least January 2028 
?
Pico 
Model A (no Ethernet) 
Model B (with Ethernet) 
Compute
Module[a] 	Zero 	Keyboard


200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM interface till CM3+,
BCM2837: 3D part of GPU at 300 MHz, video part of GPU at 400 MHz,[134][150]
OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS). MPEG-2
and VC-1 (with licence),[151] 1080p30 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high-profile decoder
and encoder[44] (BCM2837: 1080p60)
Shared with GPU
Direct from the BCM2835 chip
Direct from the BCM2837B0 chip
via on-board 3-port USB hub; one USB port internally connected to the
Ethernet port.
via on-board 5-port USB hub; one USB port internally connected to the
Ethernet port.
for raw LCD panels
Excluding protruding connectors

    Same as HAT board.

Simplified Model B changelog
Model 	Gen 	Variant 	Year 	SoC 	Clockspeed 	Cores /
Threads 	64-bit 	GFLOPS 	RAM
(GB) 	Video
Output 	4K
Ready 	USB 	Alt
Boot 	Ethernet
(Max. Gbit/s) 	Wi-Fi 	BT 	Power Source 	MSRP
(USD)
RPi 1 Model B 	1B 	(256 MB) 	2012 	BCM2835 	0.7 GHz 	1/1 		0.213 	0.25
	HDMI1.3
Composite 		2 × USB2.0 		0.1 			Micro-USB 	$35
RPi 1 Model B 	1B 	(512 MB) 	1/1 		0.213 	0.5
RPi 1 Model B+ 	1B+ 		2014 	1/1 		0.213 	4 × USB2.0 	$25
RPi 2 Model B 	2B 		2015 	BCM2836 	0.9 GHz 	4/4 		1.47 	1 	HDMI1.3 	$35
RPi 2 Model B v1.2 	2B 	v1.2 	2016 	BCM2837 	✔ 	4.43
RPi 3 Model B 	3B 		1.2 GHz 	✔ 	3.62 	USB
Network
(through OTP bit setting) 	b/g/n
single-band
(2.4 GHz only)
	4.1 BLE
RPi 3 Model B+ 	3B+ 		2018 	BCM2837B0 	1.4 GHz 	✔ 	5.3 	USB
Network 	0.35 	b/g/n/ac
dual-band
	4.2 LS BLE
RPi 4 Model B 	4B 	(1 GB) 	2019 	BCM2711 	1.5 GHz/1.8 GHz 	✔ 	9.92 	2 ×
Micro-HDMI2.0 	✔ 	2 × USB2.0
2 × USB3.0 	1.0 	5.0 	USB-C
RPi 4 Model B 	4B 	(2 GB) 	✔ 		2 	✔ 	$35
from $45
RPi 4 Model B 	4B 	(4 GB) 	✔ 	13.5 	4 	✔ 	$55
RPi 4 Model B 	4B 	(8 GB) 	2020 	✔ 		8 	✔ 	$75
Software
Operating systems
Various operating systems for the Raspberry Pi can be installed on a
MicroSD
or SD card, depending on the board and available adapters; seen here is the
MicroSD slot located on the bottom of a Raspberry Pi 2 board.

The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides Raspberry Pi OS (formerly called
Raspbian), a Debian-based Linux distribution for download, as well as third
-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS, LibreELEC (specialised media
centre distribution)[152] and specialised distributions for the Kodi media
centre and classroom management.[153] It promotes Python and Scratch as the
main programming languages, with support for many other languages.[154] The
default firmware is closed source, while unofficial open source is
available.[155][156][157] Many other operating systems can also run on the
Raspberry Pi. The formally verified microkernel seL4 is also
supported.[158]
There are several ways of installing multiple operating systems on one SD
card.[159]

Other operating systems (not Linux- nor BSD-based)

Broadcom VCOS – Proprietary operating system which includes an
abstraction layer designed to integrate with existing kernels, such as
ThreadX (which is used on the VideoCore4 processor), providing drivers and
middleware for application development. In the case of the Raspberry Pi,
this includes an application to start the ARM processor(s) and provide the
publicly documented API over a mailbox interface, serving as its firmware.
An incomplete source of a Linux port of VCOS is available as part of the
reference graphics driver published by Broadcom.[160]
Haiku – an open source BeOS clone that has been compiled for the
Raspberry Pi and several other ARM boards.[161] Work on Pi 1 began in 2011,
but only the Pi 2 will be supported.[162]
HelenOS – a portable microkernel-based multiserver operating system;
has basic Raspberry Pi support since version 0.6.0[163]
Plan 9 from Bell Labs[164][165] and Inferno[166] (in beta)
QNX
RISC OS Pi (a special cut down version RISC OS Pico, for 16 MB cards
and
larger for all models of Pi 1 & 2, has also been made available.)
Ultibo Core – OS-less unikerel Run Time Library based on Free Pascal. Lazarus 
IDE (Windows with 3rd party ports to Linux and MacOS). Most Pi models 
supported.[167]
Windows 10 IoT Core – a zero-price edition of Windows 10 offered by 
Microsoft that runs natively on the Raspberry Pi 2.[168]

Other operating systems (Linux-based)

Alpine Linux – a Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox, "designed for
power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency".[169]
Android Things – an embedded version of the Android operating system designed
for IoT device development.
Arch Linux ARM, a port of Arch Linux for ARM processors, and Arch-based 
Manjaro Linux ARM
arkOS – designed for website and email self-hosting.
CentOS for Raspberry Pi 2 and later
Devuan
emteria.OS – an embedded, managed version of the Android operating system for professional fleet management
Fedora (supports Pi 2 and later since Fedora 25, Pi 1 is supported by some unofficial derivatives) and RedSleeve (a RHEL port) for Raspberry Pi 1
Gentoo Linux[170]
Kali Linux – a Debian-derived distro designed for digital forensics and penetration testing.
openSUSE,[171] SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2[172] and Server 12 SP3 (commercial support)[172]
OpenWrt – a highly extensible Linux distribution for embedded devices (typically wireless routers). It supports Pi 1, 2, 3, 4 and Zero W.[173]
postmarketOS – distribution based on Alpine Linux, primarily developed for smartphones.
RetroPie – an offshoot of Raspbian OS that uses Emulation Station as its frontend for RetroArch and other emulators like Mupen64 for retro gaming.[174] Hardware like Freeplay tech can help replace Game boy internals with RetroPie emulation.[175]
Sailfish OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use ARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses different ARMv6 architecture and Sailfish requires
ARMv7.)[176]
Slackware ARM – version 13.37 and later runs on the Raspberry Pi
without modification.[177][178][179][180] The 128–496 MB of available
memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirement of 64
MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM or i386 system.[181] (Whereas the
majority of Linux systems boot into a graphical user interface, Slackware's
default user environment is the textual shell / command line
interface.[182]) The Fluxbox window manager running under the X Window
System requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.[183]
SolydXK – a light Debian-derived distro with Xfce.
Tiny Core Linux – a minimal Linux operating system focused on
providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run primarily
in
RAM.
Tizen – a Linux-based mobile operating system that was backed by the
Linux Foundation and was mainly developed and primarily used by Samsung.
Ubuntu-based: Lubuntu[184] and Xubuntu[184]
Void Linux – a rolling release Linux distribution which was designed
and implemented from scratch, provides images based on musl or glibc.
webOS Open Source Edition – an open source version of webOS.

Other operating systems (BSD-based)

FreeBSD[185][186]
NetBSD[187][188]
OpenBSD (only on 64-bit platforms, such as Raspberry Pi 3)[189]

Driver APIs
See also: VideoCore § Linux support
Scheme of the implemented APIs: OpenMAX IL, OpenGL ES and OpenVG

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded
into the GPU at boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that
initially was closed source.[190] This part of the driver code was later
released.[191] However, much of the actual driver work is done using the
closed source GPU code. Application software makes calls to closed source
run-time libraries (OpenMAX IL, OpenGL ES or OpenVG), which in turn call an
open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed
source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is
specific for these closed libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX IL, 3D
applications use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use OpenVG, which both in
turn use EGL. OpenMAX IL and EGL use the open source kernel driver in
turn.[192]
Vulkan driver

The Raspberry Pi Foundation first announced it was working on a Vulkan
driver in February 2020.[193] A working Vulkan driver running Quake 3 at
100
frames per second on a 3B+ was revealed by a graphics engineer who had been
working on it as a hobby project on 20 June.[194] On 24 November 2020
Raspberry Pi Foundation announced that their driver for the Raspberry Pi 4
is Vulkan 1.0 conformant.[195] Raspberry Pi Trading announced further
driver
conformance for Vulkan 1.1 and 1.2 on 26 October 2021[196] and 1 August
2022.[197]
Firmware

The official firmware is a freely redistributable[198] binary blob, that is
proprietary software.[161] A minimal proof-of-concept open source firmware
is also available, mainly aimed at initialising and starting the ARM cores
as well as performing minimal startup that is required on the ARM side. It
is also capable of booting a very minimal Linux kernel, with patches to
remove the dependency on the mailbox interface being responsive. It is
known
to work on Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3, as well as some variants of Raspberry
Pi
Zero.[199]
Third-party application software

    AstroPrint – AstroPrint's wireless 3D printing software can be run on
the Pi 2.[200]
    C/C++ Interpreter Ch – Released 3 January 2017, C/C++ interpreter Ch
and Embedded Ch are released free for non-commercial use for Raspberry Pi,
ChIDE is also included for the beginners to learn C/C++.[201]
    Minecraft – Released 11 February 2013, a modified version that allows
players to directly alter the world with computer code.[202]
    RealVNC – Since 28 September 2016, Raspbian includes RealVNC's remote
access server and viewer software.[203][204][205] This includes a new
capture technology which allows directly rendered content (e.g. Minecraft,
camera preview and omxplayer) as well as non-X11 applications to be viewed
and controlled remotely.[206][207]
    UserGate Web Filter – On 20 September 2013, Florida-based security
vendor Entensys announced porting UserGate Web Filter to Raspberry Pi
platform.[208]
    Steam Link – On 13 December 2018, Valve released official Steam Link
game streaming client for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 3 B+.[209][210]



Software development tools

Arduino IDE – for programming an Arduino.
Algoid – for teaching programming to children and beginners.
BlueJ – for teaching Java to beginners.
Greenfoot – Greenfoot teaches object orientation with Java. Create
'actors' which live in 'worlds' to build games, simulations, and other
graphical programs.
Julia – an interactive and cross-platform programming
language/environment, that runs on the Pi 1 and later.[211] IDEs for Julia,
such as Visual Studio Code, are available. See also Pi-specific GitHub
repository JuliaBerry.
Lazarus[212] – a Free Pascal RAD IDE
LiveCode – an educational RAD IDE descended from HyperCard using
English-like language to write event-handlers for WYSIWYG widgets runnable
on desktop, mobile and Raspberry Pi platforms.
Ninja-IDE – a cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE)
for Python.
Processing – an IDE built for the electronic arts, new media art, and
visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of
computer programming in a visual context.
Scratch – a cross-platform teaching IDE using visual blocks that
stack
like Lego, originally developed by MIT's Life Long Kindergarten group. The
Pi version is very heavily optimised[213] for the limited computer
resources
available and is implemented in the Squeak Smalltalk system. The latest
version compatible with the 2B is 1.6.
Squeak Smalltalk – a full-scale open Smalltalk.
TensorFlow – an artificial intelligence framework developed by
Google.
The Raspberry Pi Foundation worked with Google to simplify the installation
process through pre-built binaries.[214]
Thonny – a Python IDE for beginners.
V-Play Game Engine – a cross-platform development framework that
supports mobile game and app development with the V-Play Game Engine, V
-Play
apps, and V-Play plugins.
Xojo – a cross-platform RAD tool that can create desktop, web and
console apps for Pi 2 and Pi 3.
C-STEM Studio – a platform for hands-on integrated learning of
computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with
robotics.
Erlang – a functional language for building concurrent systems with
light-weight processes and message passing.
LabVIEW Community Edition – a system-design platform and development
environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments.




Accessories
Raspberry Pi 5 megapixel camera
Version 2 of the Pi Camera
Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera Module
Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with a "TV Hat" card (for DVB-T/T2 television
reception) attached

Gertboard – A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioned device, designed for
educational purposes, that expands the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to allow
interface with and control of LEDs, switches, analogue signals, sensors and
other devices. It also includes an optional Arduino compatible controller
to
interface with the Pi.[215]
Camera – On 14 May 2013, the foundation and the distributors RS
Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi camera
board alongside a firmware update to accommodate it.[216] The camera board
is shipped with a flexible flat cable that plugs into the CSI connector
which is located between the Ethernet and HDMI ports. In Raspbian, the user
must enable the use of the camera board by running Raspi-config and
selecting the camera option. The camera module costs €20 in Europe (9
September 2013).[217] It uses the OmniVision OV5647 image sensor and can
produce 1080p, 720p and 640x480p video. The dimensions are 25 mm × 20 mm
×
9 mm.[217] In May 2016, v2 of the camera was launched: it is an 8 megapixel
camera using a Sony IMX219.[218] In January 2023, v3 of the camera was
launched: it is a 12 megapixel camera using a Sony IMX708.[219]
Infrared Camera – In October 2013, the foundation announced that they
would begin producing a camera module without an infrared filter, called
the
Pi NoIR.[220]
Official Display – On 8 September 2015, The foundation and the
distributors RS Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the
Raspberry Pi Touch Display[221]
HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards – Together with the
Model B+, inspired by the Arduino shield boards, the interface for HAT
boards was devised by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Each HAT board carries a
small EEPROM (typically a CAT24C32WI-GT3)[222] containing the relevant
details of the board,[223] so that the Raspberry Pi's OS is informed of the
HAT, and the technical details of it, relevant to the OS using the
HAT.[224]
Mechanical details of a HAT board, which uses the four mounting holes in
their rectangular formation, are available online.[225][226]
High Quality Camera – In May 2020, the 12.3 megapixel Sony IMX477
Exmor sensor camera module was released with support for C- and CS-mount
lenses.[227] The unit initially retailed for US$50 with interchangeable
lenses starting at US$25.



Vulnerability to flashes of light

In February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip, designated U16, of the
Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.1 (the initially released version) was
found to be vulnerable to flashes of light,[228] particularly the light
from
xenon camera flashes and green[229] and red laser pointers. The U16 chip
has
WL-CSP packaging, which exposes the bare silicon die. The Raspberry Pi
Foundation blog recommended covering U16 with opaque material (such as
Sugru
or Blu-Tak) or putting the Raspberry Pi 2 in a case.[230][229] This issue
was not discovered before the release of the Raspberry Pi 2 because it is
not standard or common practice to test susceptibility to optical
interference,[228] while commercial electronic devices are routinely
subjected to tests of susceptibility to radio interference.


Reception and use
NASA's Open Source Rover powered by a Raspberry Pi 3

Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project in May 2011 as a
"potential BBC Micro 2.0", not by replacing PC compatible machines but by
supplementing them.[231] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed the BBC
Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[232] Alex Hope, co-author of the Next
Gen report, is hopeful that the computer will engage children with the
excitement of programming.[233] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested that
the
BBC could be involved in building support for the device, possibly branding
it as the BBC Nano.[234] The Centre for Computing History strongly supports
the Raspberry Pi project, feeling that it could "usher in a new era".[235]
Before release, the board was showcased by ARM's CEO Warren East at an
event
in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to improve UK science and technology
education.[236]

Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on
improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using
tools such as Google App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather
than adding new hardware choices.[237] Simon Rockman, writing in a ZDNet
blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do",
despite
what happened in the 1980s.[238]

In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year
award,[239] and futurist Mark Pesce cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the
inspiration for his ambient device project MooresCloud.[240] In October
2012, the British Computer Society reacted to the announcement of enhanced
specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want to sink
our
teeth into."[241]

In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert
Award.[242] The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was "for
its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are redefining how
people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn coding and
computer science and providing innovative control solutions for
industry."[243]

Clusters of hundreds of Raspberry Pis have been used for testing programs
destined for supercomputers.[244]


Community

The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie Ayre of FOSS software
company AdaCore as one of the most exciting parts of the project.[245]
Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows the
Foundation to concentrate on documentation and teaching.[245] The community
developed a fanzine around the platform called The MagPi[246] which in
2015,
was handed over to the Raspberry Pi Foundation by its volunteers to be
continued in-house.[247] A series of community Raspberry Jam events have
been held across the UK and around the world.[248]


Educatio 

As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have
been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with
around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that
businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[249] The CEO
of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle East
has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to enhance
her employment prospects.[250][251]

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community
members
including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free
learning resources for its website.[252] The Foundation also started a
teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers
prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in
the classroom.[253]

In 2018, NASA launched the JPL Open Source Rover Project, which is a scaled
down version of Curiosity rover and uses a Raspberry Pi as the control
module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in mechanical,
software, electronics, and robotics engineering.[254]


Home automation

There are a number of developers and applications that are using the
Raspberry Pi for home automation. These programmers are making an effort to
modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy
monitoring
and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of the Raspberry
Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to the more
expensive commercial solutions.[citation needed]


Industrial automation

In June 2014, Polish industrial automation manufacturer TECHBASE released
ModBerry, an industrial computer based on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module.
The device has a number of interfaces, most notably RS-485/232 serial
ports,
digital and analogue inputs/outputs, CAN and economical 1-Wire buses, all
of
which are widely used in the automation industry. The design allows the use
of the Compute Module in harsh industrial environments, leading to the
conclusion that the Raspberry Pi is no longer limited to home and science
projects, but can be widely used as an Industrial IoT solution and achieve
goals of Industry 4.0.[255]

In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise
on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers
implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.[256]

In January 2021, TECHBASE announced a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 cluster
for AI accelerator, routing and file server use. The device contains one or
more standard Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4s in an industrial DIN rail
housing, with some versions containing one or more Coral Edge tensor
processing units.[257]


Commercial products

The Organelle is a portable synthesizer, a sampler, a sequencer, and an
effects processor designed and assembled by Critter & Guitari. It
incorporates a Raspberry Pi computer module running Linux.[258]

OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It incorporates a
Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was successfully crowd-funded in a May 2014
Kickstarter campaign.[259]

Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Compute Module as its
heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The
software running on Slice is based on Kodi.[260]

Numerous commercial thin client computer terminals use the Raspberry
Pi.[261]

AutoPi TMU device is a telematics unit which is built on top of a Raspberry
Pi Compute Module 4 and incorporates the philosophy of which Raspberry Pi
was built upon.[262]


COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand increased primarily due to the
increase
in remote work, but also because of the use of many Raspberry Pi Zeros in
ventilators for COVID-19 patients in countries such as Colombia,[263] which
were used to combat strain on the healthcare system. In March 2020,
Raspberry Pi sales reached 640,000 units, the second largest month of sales
in the company's history.[264]


Astro Pi and Proxima

A project was launched in December 2014 at an event held by the UK Space
Agency. The Astro Pi was an augmented Raspberry Pi that included a sensor
hat with a visible light or infrared camera. The Astro Pi competition,
called Principia, was officially opened in January and was opened to all
primary and secondary school aged children who were residents of the United
Kingdom. During his mission, British ESA astronaut Tim Peake deployed the
computers on board the International Space Station.[265] He loaded the
winning code while in orbit, collected the data generated and then sent
this
to Earth where it was distributed to the winning teams. Covered themes
during the competition included spacecraft sensors, satellite imaging,
space
measurements, data fusion and space radiation.

The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition include the UK Space
Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi, ESERO-UK and ESA.

In 2017, the European Space Agency ran another competition open to all
students in the European Union called Proxima. The winning programs were
run
on the ISS by Thomas Pesquet, a French astronaut.[266] In December 2021,
the
Dragon 2 spacecraft launched by NASA had a pair of Astro Pi in it.[267]


History
	
This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help
by
converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available.
(February 2015)
An early alpha-test board in operation using different layout from later
beta and production boards

The computer is inspired by Acorn's BBC Micro of 1981.[268][269] The Model
A, Model B and Model B+ names are references to the original models of the
British educational BBC Micro computer, developed by Acorn Computers.[270]

According to Upton, the name "Raspberry Pi" was chosen with "Raspberry" as
an ode to a tradition of naming early computer companies after fruit, and
"Pi" as a reference to the Python programming language.[271]

In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel
ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schematics and PCB layout are publicly
available.[272] Foundation trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of
teachers,
academics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to inspire
children.[249]

The first ARM prototype version of the computer was mounted in a package
the
same size as a USB memory stick.[273] It had a USB port on one end and an
HDMI port on the other.

The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25 and $35.
They started accepting orders for the higher priced Model B on 29 February
2012,[274] the lower cost Model A on 4 February 2013.[275] and the even
lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.[103] On 26 November 2015, the
cheapest Raspberry Pi yet, the Raspberry Pi Zero, was launched at US$5 or
£4.[276]


Pre-launch

July 2011 – Trustee Eben Upton publicly approached the RISC OS Open
community in July 2011 to enquire about assistance with a port.[277] Adrian
Lees at Broadcom has since worked on the port,[278][279] with his work
being
cited in a discussion regarding the graphics drivers.[280] This port is now
included in NOOBS.
August 2011 – 50 alpha boards are manufactured. These boards were
functionally identical to the planned Model B,[281] but they were
physically
larger to accommodate debug headers. Demonstrations of the board showed it
running the LXDE desktop on Debian, Quake 3 at 1080p,[282] and Full HD MPEG
-4 video over HDMI.[283]
October 2011 – A version of RISC OS 5 was demonstrated in public, and
following a year of development the port was released for general
consumption in November 2012.[284][285][286][287]
December 2011 – Twenty-five Model B Beta boards were assembled and
tested[288] from one hundred unpopulated PCBs.[289] The component layout of
the Beta boards was the same as on production boards. A single error was
discovered in the board design where some pins on the CPU were not held
high; it was fixed for the first production run.[290] The Beta boards were
demonstrated booting Linux, playing a 1080p movie trailer and the Rightware
Samurai OpenGL ES benchmark.[291]
Early 2012 – During the first week of the year, the first 10 boards
were put up for auction on eBay.[292][293] One was bought anonymously and
donated to the museum at The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge,
England.[235][294] The ten boards (with a total retail price of £220)
together raised over £16,000,[295] with the last to be auctioned, serial
number No. 01, raising £3,500.[296] In advance of the anticipated launch
at
the end of February 2012, the Foundation's servers struggled to cope with
the load placed by watchers repeatedly refreshing their browsers.[297]



Launch

19 February 2012 – The first proof of concept SD card image that
could
be loaded onto an SD card to produce a preliminary operating system is
released. The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), with the LXDE
desktop
and the Midori browser, plus various programming tools. The image also runs
on QEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulated on various other
platforms.[298][299]
29 February 2012 – Initial sales commence 29 February 2012[300] at
06:00 UTC;. At the same time, it was announced that the model A, originally
to have
had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to 256 MB before release.[274] The
Foundation's website also announced: "Six years after the project's
inception, we're nearly at the end of our first run of development –
although it's just the beginning of the Raspberry Pi story."[301] The web
-shops of the two licensed manufacturers selling Raspberry Pi's within the
United Kingdom, Premier Farnell and RS Components, had their websites
stalled by heavy web traffic immediately after the launch (RS Components
briefly going down completely).[302][303] Unconfirmed reports suggested
that
there were over two million expressions of interest or pre-orders.[304] The
official Raspberry Pi Twitter account reported that Premier Farnell sold
out
within a few minutes of the initial launch, while RS Components took over
100,000 pre orders on day one.[274] Manufacturers were reported in March
2012 to be taking a "healthy number" of pre-orders.[245]
March 2012 – Shipping delays for the first batch were announced in
March 2012, as the result of installation of an incorrect Ethernet
port,[305][306] but the Foundation expected that manufacturing quantities
of
future batches could be increased with little difficulty if required.[307]
"We have ensured we can get them [the Ethernet connectors with magnetics]
in
large numbers and Premier Farnell and RS Components [the two distributors]
have been fantastic at helping to source components," Upton said. The first
batch of 10,000 boards was manufactured in Taiwan and China.[308][309]
8 March 2012 – Release Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, the recommended
Linux distribution,[310] developed at Seneca College in Canada.[311]
March 2012 – The Debian port is initiated by Mike Thompson, former
CTO
of Atomz. The effort was largely carried out by Thompson and Peter Green, a
volunteer Debian developer, with some support from the Foundation, who
tested the resulting binaries that the two produced during the early stages
(neither Thompson nor Green had physical access to the hardware, as boards
were not widely accessible at the time due to demand).[312] While the
preliminary proof of concept image distributed by the Foundation before
launch was also Debian-based, it differed from Thompson and Green's
Raspbian
effort in a couple of ways. The POC image was based on then-stable Debian
Squeeze, while Raspbian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezy
packages.[299] Aside from the updated packages that would come with the new
release, Wheezy was also set to introduce the armhf architecture,[313]
which
became the raison d'être for the Raspbian effort. The Squeeze-based POC
image was limited to the armel architecture, which was, at the time of
Squeeze's release, the latest attempt by the Debian project to have Debian
run on the newest ARM embedded-application binary interface (EABI).[314]
The
armhf architecture in Wheezy intended to make Debian run on the ARM VFP
hardware floating-point unit, while armel was limited to emulating floating
point operations in software.[315][316] Since the Raspberry Pi included a
VFP, being able to make use of the hardware unit would result in
performance
gains and reduced power use for floating point operations.[312] The armhf
effort in mainline Debian, however, was orthogonal to the work surrounding
the Pi and only intended to allow Debian to run on ARMv7 at a minimum,
which
would mean the Pi, an ARMv6 device, would not benefit.[313] As a result,
Thompson and Green set out to build the 19,000 Debian packages for the
device using a custom build cluster.[312]



Post-launch

16 April 2012 – Reports appear from the first buyers who had received
their Raspberry Pi.[317][318]
20 April 2012 – The schematics for the Model A and Model B are
released.[319]
18 May 2012 – The Foundation reported on its blog about a prototype
camera module they had tested.[320] The prototype used a 14-megapixel
module.
22 May 2012 – Over 20,000 units had been shipped.[321]
July 2012 – Release of Raspbian.[322]
16 July 2012 – It was announced that 4,000 units were being
manufactured per day, allowing Raspberry Pis to be bought in
bulk.[323][324]
24 August 2012 – Hardware accelerated video (H.264) encoding becomes
available after it became known that the existing licence also covered
encoding. Formerly it was thought that encoding would be added with the
release of the announced camera module.[325][326] However, no stable
software exists for hardware H.264 encoding.[327] At the same time the
Foundation released two additional codecs that can be bought separately,
MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will
implement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the television's remote
control.[151]
5 September 2012 – The Foundation announced a second revision of the
Raspberry Pi Model B.[328] A revision 2.0 board is announced, with a number
of minor corrections and improvements.[329]
6 September 2012 – Announcement that in future the bulk of Raspberry
Pi units would be manufactured in the UK, at Sony's manufacturing facility
in Pencoed, Wales. The Foundation estimated that the plant would produce
30,000 units per month, and would create about 30 new jobs.[330][331]
15 October 2012 – It is announced that new Raspberry Pi Model Bs are
to be fitted with 512 MB instead of 256 MB RAM.[332]
24 October 2012 – The Foundation announces that "all of the VideoCore
driver code which runs on the ARM" had been released as free software under
a BSD-style licence, making it "the first ARM-based multimedia SoC with
fully-functional, vendor-provided (as opposed to partial, reverse
engineered) fully open-source drivers", although this claim has not been
universally accepted.[191] On 28 February 2014, they also announced the
release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics core, and a
complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD
licence[333][334]
October 2012 – It was reported that some customers of one of the two
main distributors had been waiting more than six months for their orders.
This was reported to be due to difficulties in sourcing the CPU and
conservative sales forecasting by this distributor.[335]
17 December 2012 – The Foundation, in collaboration with IndieCity
and
Velocix, opens the Pi Store, as a "one-stop shop for all your Raspberry Pi
(software) needs". Using an application included in Raspbian, users can
browse through several categories and download what they want. Software can
also be uploaded for moderation and release.[336]
3 June 2013 – "New Out of Box Software" or NOOBS is introduced. This
makes the Raspberry Pi easier to use by simplifying the installation of an
operating system. Instead of using specific software to prepare an SD card,
a file is unzipped and the contents copied over to a FAT formatted (4 GB or
bigger) SD card. That card can then be booted on the Raspberry Pi and a
choice of six operating systems is presented for installation on the card.
The system also contains a recovery partition that allows for the quick
restoration of the installed OS, tools to modify the config.txt and an
online help button and web browser which directs to the Raspberry Pi
Forums.[337]
October 2013 – The Foundation announces that the one millionth Pi had
been manufactured in the United Kingdom.[338]
November 2013: they announce that the two millionth Pi shipped between
24 and 31 October.[339]
28 February 2014 – On the day of the second anniversary of the
Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, together with the Raspberry Pi foundation,
announced
the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics
core,[clarification needed] and a complete source release of the graphics
stack under a 3-clause BSD licence.[333][334]

Raspberry Pi Compute Module
Raspberry Pi Model B
Compute Module 4

7 April 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry
Pi Compute Module, a device in a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM-configured memory
module (though not in any way compatible with such RAM), intended for
consumer electronics designers to use as the core of their own
products.[114]
June 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog mentioned that the three
millionth Pi shipped in early May 2014.[340]
14 July 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry
Pi Model B+, "the final evolution of the original Raspberry Pi. For the
same
price as the original Raspberry Pi model B, but incorporating numerous
small
improvements people have been asking for".[104]
10 November 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the
Raspberry Pi Model A+.[103] It is the smallest and cheapest (US$20)
Raspberry Pi so far and has the same processor and RAM as the Model A. Like
the A, it has no Ethernet port, and only one USB port, but does have the
other innovations of the B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card slot, and 40
-pin HAT compatible GPIO.
2 February 2015 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the
Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like a Model B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core ARMv7
Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of 1 GB) and complete
compatibility with the original generation of Raspberry Pis.[341]
14 May 2015 – The price of Model B+ was decreased from US$35 to $25,
purportedly as a "side effect of the production optimizations" from the Pi
2
development.[342] Industry observers have sceptically noted, however, that
the price drop appeared to be a direct response to the CHIP, a lower-priced
competitor discontinued in April 2017.[343]
29 September 2015 – A new version of the Raspbian operating system,
based on Debian Jessie, is released.[344]
26 November 2015 – The Raspberry Pi Foundation launched the Raspberry
Pi Zero, the smallest and cheapest member of the Raspberry Pi family yet,
at
65 mm × 30 mm, and US$5. The Zero is similar to the Model A+ without
camera
and LCD connectors, while smaller and uses less power. It was given away
with the Raspberry Pi magazine Magpi No. 40 that was distributed in the UK
and US that day – the MagPi was sold out at almost every retailer
internationally due to the freebie.[111]
29 February 2016 – Raspberry Pi 3 with a BCM2837 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad
processor based on the ARMv8 Cortex-A53, with built-in Wi-Fi BCM43438
802.11n 2.4 GHz and Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy (BLE). Starting with a 32-bit
Raspbian version, with a 64-bit version later to come if "there is value in
moving to 64-bit mode". In the same announcement it was said that a new
BCM2837 based Compute Module was expected to be introduced a few months
later.[63]
February 2016 – The Raspberry Pi Foundation announces that they had
sold eight million devices (for all models combined), making it the best
-selling UK personal computer, ahead of the Amstrad PCW.[345][63] Sales
reached ten million in September 2016.[7]
25 April 2016 – Raspberry Pi Camera v2.1 announced with 8 Mpixels, in
normal and NoIR (can receive IR) versions. The camera uses the Sony IMX219
chip with a resolution of 3280 × 2464. To make use of the new resolution
the software has to be updated.[346]
10 October 2016 – NEC Display Solutions announces that select models
of commercial displays to be released in early 2017 will incorporate a
Raspberry Pi 3 Compute Module.[347]
14 October 2016 – Raspberry Pi Foundation announces their co
-operation
with NEC Display Solutions. They expect that the Raspberry Pi 3 Compute
Module will be available to the general public by the end of 2016.[348]
25 November 2016 – 11 million units sold.[349]
16 January 2017 – Compute Module 3 and Compute Module 3 Lite are
launched.[109]
28 February 2017 – Raspberry Pi Zero W with WiFi and Bluetooth via
chip scale antennas launched.[350][351]
17 August 2017 – The Raspbian operating system is upgraded to a new
version, based on Debian Stretch.[352]
14 March 2018 – On Pi Day, Raspberry Pi Foundation introduced
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ with improvements in the Raspberry PI 3B computers
performance, updated version of the Broadcom application processor, better
wireless Wi-Fi and Bluetooth performance and addition of the 5 GHz
band.[353]
15 November 2018 – Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ launched.[354]
28 January 2019 – Compute Module 3+ (CM3+/Lite, CM3+/8 GB, CM3+/16 GB
and CM3+/32 GB) launched.[110]
24 June 2019 – Raspberry Pi 4 Model B launched,[17] along with a new
version of the Raspbian operating system based on Debian Buster.[355]
10 December 2019 – 30 million units sold;[356] sales are about 6
million per year.[357][358]
28 May 2020 – An 8GB version of the Raspberry Pi 4 is announced for
$75.[359] Raspberry Pi OS is split off from Raspbian, and now includes a
beta of a 64-bit version that allows programs to use more than 4GB of
RAM.[360]
19 October 2020 – Compute Module 4 launched.[361]
2 November 2020 – Raspberry Pi 400 launched. It is a keyboard which
incorporates Raspberry Pi 4 into it. GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi 4 are
accessible.[362]
21 January 2021 – Raspberry Pi Pico launched. It is the first
microcontroller-class product from Raspberry Pi. It is based on RP2040
Microcontroller developed by Raspberry Pi.[32]
11 May 2021 – 40 million units sold.[363]
21 September 2021 – 42 million units sold.[364]
30 October 2021 – Raspberry Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) is updated
version 11, based on Debian Bullseye.[365] With this release, the default
clock speed for revision 1.4 of the Raspberry Pi 4 is increased to 1.8
GHz.[23]
16 November 2021 – 43 million units sold.[366]
28 February 2022, exactly 10 years after the first shipment, 46 million
units sold.[367]

Raspberry Pi Cumulative Shipment Units (mil)
Raspberry Pi Cumulative Shipment Units (mil)


Sales

According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, more than 5 million Raspberry Pis
were sold by February 2015, making it the best-selling British
computer.[13]
By November 2016 they had sold 11 million units,[349][368] and 12.5 million
by March 2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose
computer".[369] In July 2017, sales reached nearly 15 million,[370]
climbing
to 19 million in March 2018.[16] By December 2019, a total of 30 million
devices had been sold.[371][non-primary source needed]
Supply and demand difficulties

The global chip shortage starting in 2020, as well as an uptake in demand
starting in early 2021, notably affected the Raspberry Pi, causing
significant availability issues from that time onward.[372] The company
explained its approach to the shortages in 2021,[373] and April 2022,[374]
explaining that it was prioritising business and industrial customers.

The situation is sufficiently long term that at least one automated stock
checker is online.[375]
See also

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